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ページの作成:「Category:语言 （原作者请注意：您的课程并未删除，它们在“教科书A”目录下。） 本网站为满语初学者提供了两套精心设计...」
 
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(The primary author: Your courses, which are not cancelled, are under the category of "Course A".)
[[Category:语言]]
 
[[File:Manchu chinese.jpg|thumb|right|500px]]
（原作者请注意：您的课程并未删除，它们在“教科书A”目录下。）
This website is in favour of those who wish to learn the Manchu language. Here are two courses for beginners, and you can choose one of them, since they are independent of one another and their contents are similar. ''Course A'' is more academic, and gives you a systemetic view of the grammatical structure of the Manchu language, but it seems a little hard for beginners to begin. ''Course B'' (in develop) is more user-friendly and takes a more scientific teaching model which will improve your Manchu level.
 
本网站为满语初学者提供了两套精心设计的零基础的满语教科书。如果你能够经常抽出时间学习它们，你的满语水平会有很大水平的进步。本网站的两套教科书是相互独立的关系，它们的内容基本重合，只是设计方式有所不同：《教科书A》更注重学术性，提供了系统的和比较完整的满语语法知识，可以起到帮助复习梳理和巩固的作用；但如果你是零基础，直接学习起来可能感到有些吃力；《教科书B》（在建）更适合初学，采用科学的教学模式，提供更加丰富的学习内容，注重语言能力的培养。祝你能够顺利完成课程的学习！
Below is the link to the Chinese version of this page:
本网站的最下方提供了满语维基百科（测试页）和维基的满语在线图书馆的链接。
本网站的英文版在这里：[httphttps://enzh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manchu满语 Click here for the English version of this book如果你想阅读本站的中文版请点这里]
 
[https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manchu Click here for English version]
==满语简介==
 
== Introduction ==
满族是阿尔泰民族中的通古斯民族中最大的民族，其祖先是建立金朝的女真人。今天的满族是中国的第二大少数民族。满族主要分布在中国的东北地区和北京市，但国内所有的省份都有满族。满语属于阿尔泰语系的满-通古斯语族，跟中国东北的鄂温克语，鄂伦春语，新疆的锡伯语，俄罗斯西伯利亚和远东地区的鄂温济语，鄂温语，和那奶语有密切的关系。现在满语已经严重濒危，满族人大多已改讲汉语，会流利地讲满语的人可能不到20个，而且他们大部分都住在一个小的村庄：三家子村。这个村庄离黑龙江省的第二大城市齐齐哈尔有40多个公里。虽然在东北满语可能快会失踪，但在广大的西北地区还有3万多会讲跟满语接近的锡伯语的锡伯族，在学术上一般认为锡伯语是满语的一种方言。大部分的还会讲锡伯语的锡伯族住在离新疆的伊宁市有20公里的察布查尔锡伯族自治县。
Manchu is a Manchu-Tungusic language spoken in Manchuria; it used to be the language of the Manchus, and the official language of the Qing dynasty. Nowadays most Manchus speak Chinese and there are far fewer than 60 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of more than 10 million ethnic Manchus. Most of these native speakers now live in Ilan Boo (''Sanjiazi'' in Mandarin Chinese; 三家子) which is a small village about 40km north of Qiqihar (齐齐哈尔) in Heilongjiang province. Although the spoken language is nearly extinct in Manchuria, the Manchu language lives on in the form of one of its dialects Sibe, which still has 30,000 speakers most of which live in Cabcal Sibe Autonomous County (察布查尔锡伯自治县) near Ili (伊犁) in Xinjiang province, Western China.
 
Manchu is a member of the Manchu-Tungusic language family which is believed by some scholars to be a branch of the Altaic language family (along with Mongolic and Turkic). Manchu is an agglutinative language that features both vowel harmony and a Subject-Object-Verb sentence structure. Although it is not particularly hard to learn (especially in comparison to Chinese) many would wonder why you would bother learning a language that is spoken by so few people and whose future does not look that promising. Some reasons could include:
==教科书A==
* An interest in Manchu-Tungusic languages
[[Image:Manchu chinese.jpg|thumb|right|500px]]
* An interest in Qing dynasty history, especially considering the amount of archival material in Manchu
* General intellectual curiosity
* To gain a deeper understanding of Manchu culture
* The script is pretty
* It is an easy way to read the Chinese classics (most of them were translated into Manchu)
 
== Course A ==
这本书献给所有的满语爱好者！
The book consists of 24 lessons, and can be divided into three sections:
 
'''Section 1: Introduction to Manchu grammar and the Manchu script'''
这本书一共有24节课。这些课可以分成两部分：
 
This section includes 12 lessons, each of which includes a short text or dialogue followed by a vocabulary list and then an introduction to a particular grammatical feature of the language.
 
Note:
'''第一部分：语法摘要'''
* Lesson 11 is a summary of all the grammatical features from lessons 1-10 and can be used for revision or can be printed out to be used as a basic Manchu grammar.
* The Manchu script is not taught until lesson 12 (contrary to most textbooks) due to the difficult nature of the script and the fact that it is much easier to learn the script once you possess a basic vocabulary and understanding of the phonetic features of the Manchu language.
 
'''Section 2: Readings in the Manchu Language'''
这部分简明的给大家介绍满语的语法和语音特征和规则。每一课程都有一个小小的对话或课文。课文后有中文翻译和生词表。
 
This section includes 12 readings in the Manchu Language. Each reading includes a vocabulary list, as well as a translation and explanation of the text.
 
'''Section 3: Other information on the Manchu Language'''
'''第二部分：满语选读'''
 
This section includes a vocabulary list, further vocabulary as well as some general information on Tungusic languages and a brief introduction to the Jurchen language and script.
这部分有12个选择于各类的文学，哲学，小说等作品的短文。短文后有中文翻译和生词表。短文的难度由易到难。
 
At the bottom of the page there is also a link to the [[Manchu/Library|Online Library of Manchu Language Texts]] which is currently part of this Wikibook. The library is in development.
 
=== Lessons ===
注：
* 第11节课是语法摘要大家可以把它打印出来当一个简单的满语语法摘要。
* 满文是到第12节课才教的。这跟国内大部分课程在最前一节课教文字完全是相反。这是因为我自己认为读者懂得一定的词汇量和对满语的语音特征有一定的了解以后文字才好学。
 
===课程目录===
 
 
{|
|<big>第一部分：语法摘要Section 1: Grammar & Introductory Lessons</big>
|<big>第二部分：满语选读Section 2: Readings</big>
|-
|....................................................................................................................................
|....................................................................................................................................
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 1节课 - 满语的语音Pronunciation|第Lesson 1节第 - 满语的语音Pronunciation]]{{stage|50100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 13节课_ -_选读_1 Reading 1|第Lesson 13节课 - 选读Reading 1（无圈点满文）1 (Reading on the old Manchu script)]]{{stage|0025%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 2节课 - 名词Nouns|第Lesson 2节课 - 名词Nouns]]{{stage|75100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 14节课 - 选读Reading 2|第Lesson 14节课 - 选读Reading 2 (Readings from the Dao De Jing - 2（道德经）)]]{{stage|2550%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 3节课 - 代词Pronouns|第Lesson 3节课 - 代词Pronouns]]{{stage|75100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 15节课 - 选读Reading 3|第Lesson 15节课 - 选读Reading 3 (Readings from an old Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 1 - 3（清語老乞大卷一）)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 4节课 - 数词Numerals|第Lesson 4节课 - 数词Numerals]]{{stage|75100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 16节课 - 选读Reading 4|第Lesson 16节课 - 选读Reading 4 (Readings from an old Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 2 - 4（清語老乞大卷二）)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 5节课 - 形容词Adjectives|第Lesson 5节课 - 形容词Adjectives]]{{stage|25100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 17节课 - 选读Reading 5|第Lesson 17节课 - 选读Reading 5 (Readings from the Analects - 5（论语）)]]{{stage|2550%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 6节课 - 动词Verbs 1|第Lesson 6节课 - 动词Verbs 1]]{{stage|75%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 18节课 - 选读Reading 6|第Lesson 18节课 - 选读Reading 6 (Mr Dungg'o and the 6（东郭先生和狼）wolf)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 7节课 - 动词Verbs 2|第Lesson 7节课 - 动词Verbs 2]]{{stage|50100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 19节课 - 选读Reading 7|第Lesson 19节课 - 选读Reading 7 (The Lord's Prayer & Gospel of 7（天主经和马可福音）Mark)]]{{stage|2550%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 8节课 - 动词Verbs 3|第Lesson 8节课 - 动词Verbs 3]]{{stage|75100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 20节课 - 选读Reading 8|第Lesson 20节课 - 选读Reading 8 (Readings from an old Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 3 - 8（清語老乞大卷三）)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 9节课 - 副词Adverbs|第Lesson 9节课 - 副词Adverbs]]{{stage|50100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 21节课 - 选读Reading 9|第Lesson 21节课 - 选读Reading 9 (Readings from an old Korean text to learn Manchu Chapter 4 - 9（清語老乞大卷四）)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 10节课 - 后缀词和连词Postpositions|第Lesson 10节课 - 后缀词和连词Postpositions and Linking Words]]{{stage|75100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 22节课 - 选读Reading 10|第Lesson 22节课 - 选读Reading 10]]
|-
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 11节课 - 语法摘要Grammar Summary|第Lesson 11节课 - 语法摘要Grammar Summary]]{{stage|00100%}}
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 23节课 - 选读Reading 11|第Lesson 23节课 - 选读Reading 11]]
|-
|[[Manchu/Lesson 12 - The Manchu Script|Lesson 12 - The Manchu Script]]{{stage|25%}}
|[[满语/第12节课 - 满文|第12节课 - 满文]]
|[[满语Manchu/第Lesson 24节课 - 选读Reading 12|第Lesson 24节课 - 选读Reading 12 (Readings from the San Zi Jing - 12（三字经）)]]{{stage|25%}}
|-
|....................................................................................................................................
|....................................................................................................................................
|-
|<big>第一部分：其他Section 3: Other</big>
|
|-
90 ⟶ 96行目:
|....................................................................................................................................
|-
|[[Manchu/Vocab|Vocabulary List]]
|[[满语/生词 1|生词 1 - 地理，时间，季节和气候]]
|[[Manchu/Vocab 1|Further Vocab 1 - Geography, time, seasons and climate]]
|[[满语/满通古斯|关于满-通古斯语族]]
|-
|[[Manchu/Information on Tungusic Languages|Information on Manchu-Tungusic Languages]]
|[[满语/生词 2|生词 2 - 颜色，动物和身躯]]
|[[Manchu/Vocab 2|Further Vocab 2 - Colours, animals and the human body]]
|[[满语/女真|关于女真语]]
|-
|[[Manchu/Introduction to the Jurchen language and script|Introduction to the Jurchen language and script]]
|[[满语/生词 3|生词 3 - 国家和语言 ]]
|[[Manchu/Vocab 3|Further Vocab 3 - Countries and languages]]
|[[清文指要]]
|-
|}
 
==教科书 Course B ==
''Course B'' (in development) is a new textbook for Manchu language, which aims to avoid the obstacle of learning when facing a boring list of lots of grammar rules or language materials translated to another language which is difficult for beginners. This course has applied the theories of foreign language acquisition. The author hopes this course can enables you to learn Manchu quickly and well.
 
=== Pre-Elementary ===
《教科书B》（在建）是为大家提供的一套全新的满语教科书。目前流传的很多满语教科书都存在着不适合初学者学习的弊病，要么是简单地罗列各种语法规则，要么是起点过高的满汉对照的''语言材料''，令初学者望而生畏，对满语的普及推广十分不利。本教科书旨在解决这一弊端。这套教程引进了西方的一些科学的关于外语教学的理论成果，同时参考中国大陆市面流行的一些其他语种的教科书的教学模式，希望能够解决大家学习满语时遇到的很多不必要的障碍，使大家能够快速学好满语。
=== Elementary ===
 
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 1|Lesson 1]]
===初级课程===
[[满语/初级第1课|初级第1课-满语语音与字母I]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 2|Lesson 2]]
[[满语/初级第2课|初级第2课-满语语音与字母II]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 3|Lesson 3]]
[[满语/初级第3课|初级第3课-满语语音与字母III]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 4|Lesson 4]]
[[满语/初级第4课|初级第4课]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 5|Lesson 5]]
[[满语/初级第5课|初级第5课]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 6|Lesson 6]]
[[满语/初级第6课|初级第6课]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 7|Lesson 7]]
[[满语/初级第7课|初级第7课]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 8|Lesson 8]]
[[满语/初级第8课|初级第8课]]
[[Manchu/Elementary Lesson 9|Lesson 9]]
[[满语/初级第9课|初级第9课]]
[[满语Manchu/初级第Elementary Lesson 10课|初级第Lesson 10课]]
===过渡课程 Pre-Intermediate ===
(in develop)
（在建）
===中级课程 Intermediate ===
[[Manchu/Intermediate Lesson 1|Lesson 1]]
[[满语/中级第1课|第1课]]
 
[[Manchu/Intermediate Lesson 2|Lesson 2]]
[[满语/中级第2课|第2课]]
 
[[Manchu/Intermediate Lesson 3|Lesson 3]]
[[满语/中级第3课|第3课]]
 
[[Manchu/Intermediate Lesson 4|Lesson 4]]
[[满语/中级第4课|第4课]]
 
[[Manchu/Intermediate Lesson 5|Lesson 5]]
[[满语/中级第5课|第5课]]
 
== Links ==
==满语维基百科和满语在线图书馆==
[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mnc/Main_Page Manchu-language Wikipedia(test)]
== Online Library of Manchu Language Texts ==
 
满语维基百科目前处于测试阶段，它的链接是：https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mnc/Main_Page
<div style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.7em">
[[ImageFile:Carl Spitzweg 021.jpg|80px]]
</div>
 
The [[Manchu/Library|Online Library of Manchu Language Texts]] aims to provide a one stop collection of Manchu texts that are no longer subject to copyright laws. All texts use the Mollendorff transliteration method, which will mean that any user that wants to download the text can just cut and paste the content straight from the page. As this is a wiki users will be able to make corrections and monitor changes in the texts to ensure accuracy. To visit the online library [[Manchu/Library|Click Here!]]
这个维基教科书里正在建一个满语在线图书馆（中英双语辅助）。图书馆的链接在这儿：http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Manchu/Library
 
<strong>Now the library has been moved to Wikisource,</strong>
{{wikisourcelang| |Main Page/ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ|Manchu language Wikisource}}
<div style="float:center;">
{{Altaic languages}}
</div>
 
== References ==
 
* http://manjusa.com/portal.php
满族在线
http://dbmanju.net/21d
满语7天
* http://dbmanzu.blogspot.com
满语电子周刊
* 爱新觉罗·乌拉熙春. <<满语读本>>. 内蒙古人民出版社
* 爱新觉罗·乌拉熙春. <<满语语法>>. 内蒙古人民出版社
* 爱新觉罗·瀛生. <<满语读本>>. 吉林教育出版社
* D.O.朝克. <<满通古斯诸语比较研究>>. 民族出版社
* Gorelova, Liliya M. 2002. ''Manchu Grammar''. Handbook of Oriental Studies, ISBN 90-04-12307-5
* Li, Gertraude Roth. 2000. ''Manchu: A Textbook for Reading Documents''. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, ISBN 0-8248-2206-4
* 李永海，刘景宪，屈六生. <<满语语法>>. 民族出版社
* Möllendorff, Paul Georg von. 1892. [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Manchu_Grammar A Manchu Grammar: With Analysed Texts]. Shanghai.
 
{{Alphabetical|M}}
{{Subjects|Languages of Asia}}
{{status|50%}}
 
[[zh:满语]]
{{阿尔泰语系}}
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